Bsc in Management Studies - Business Environment-Coursework- Coursework

Bsc in Management Studies - Business Environment- - Firstgrade - Coursework Example Report also discussed as to how Intel captured the personal computer processor market and completely revolutionized it. However, the emerging trends on mobile computing suggest that the Intel may be lagging behind in this segment of the business. Extensive competition in the chip business for the smart phones and tablet computers has resulted into the vanishing of Intel’s traditional competitive advantage in the market. Trends suggest that the manufacturing of personal computers- a segment where Intel is market leader despite the fact that it’s getting tough competition from AMD- is shrinking. This reduction into the personal computer manufacturing therefore could result into the loss of market share for Intel. The final section of the report discusses some of the strategic approaches which Intel can take to overcome the challenges posed by external environment. Introduction External business environment plays a key role in shaping the current and future strategies of a firm. Learning organizations therefore always attempt to understand and explore their business environment and subsequently adjust and develop their business strategies in such a manner which can offer them competitive advantage in that business environment. ... (Kew, & Stredwick, 2005, p14). Intel is the leading semiconductor chip maker in the world and is based in California, US. Intel works in an industry where technology rapidly changes and the overall pace of change is quite rapid. Such an environment therefore requires the firms like Intel to continue to develop and invest heavily in research and development. Further, the trends are shifting towards mobile computing and more and more new products are being introduced in the market almost providing the same functionalities like a computer but they are more mobile and light in nature. These trends therefore suggest that the semiconductor chip manufacturing industry may go through a radical shift. How these factors can affect Intel in future and how Intel should respond to them is what will be discussed in this report. This report will focus on identifying key priority issues faced by Intel and how these issues can affect Intel in short term. Intel Corporation Intel Corporation started it s operations in 1968 from California, US as a computer chip manufacturer. It mainly manufacturers the microprocessors used in most of the personal computers however, it also manufactures motherboards for the personal computers, network interfaces, portable flash memory chips, integrated circuits and other technologies which are used in the communication technology. (Argyris, 1999) Intel started to manufacture memory chips initially however; it shifted its focus during 1981 when it started to produce computer microprocessors. Intel is therefore also credited with the invention of silicon based microprocessor which has completely revolutionized the personal computer industry by offering it the speed and accuracy to perform complex tasks at relative ease. Intel’s

Cause and Effect;What would be the effects of dropping out of high Essay

Cause and Effect;What would be the effects of dropping out of high school - Essay Example High school dropouts will hardly provide any meaningful skills to the job market and therefore, not able to secure good jobs. This causes a sharp drop in living standards among high school dropouts. Lack of education means lack of skills needed by most employers if not all. This leaves high school dropouts with no choice than to do the unskilled jobs that are lowly paid. Whereas this is a loss to the employment sector, most of the loss occurs to the dropouts since they forego the gratification that comes with professional jobs. Such dropouts can hardly support their families with the little income they have. More notably, they are most likely to create a poor generation since their family foundations are already economically unstable. With the increasing problems associated with global economic crisis, high school dropouts are most likely to face overwhelming competition and difficult living conditions. US government has to make a huge budgetary allocation every year in aid for the poor families that cannot support themselves. A great number of high school dropouts add to this burden every year. This is because as they can hardly support themselves economically. Additionally, they nurture families that are not economically stable thereby adding more pressure to the already heavily burdened government spending. For instance, the government has to struggle raising funds to support a healthcare program for the poor even when the poor, such as high school dropouts, cannot afford to contribute financially to the program. Poor living conditions and lack of livelihood is a prerequisite to criminal activities. Criminal activities are most likely to be more prevalent among high school dropouts due to inability to generate enough income. High school dropouts hardly have any option apart from engaging in criminal activities due to the overwhelming competition in the modern society. More notably, high school dropouts are, most certainly, likely to associate with

Successful Coaching Of Jose Mourinho

Successful Coaching Of Jose Mourinho Jose Mourinho is known as a no-nonsense football coach that carry out his role based his vast experience, supreme knowledge, principal values, valuable opinions and strong beliefs. His coaching philosophy is not only based during field play but also during training. His coaching philosophy during field play is as such: Football possession is not important, (Knowing himself) Winning a football match is more important than playing a nice and good football, (Knowing his strengths) Defending is a team exercise instead of individuals. (Knowing his weakness) He does not expect any egos from his players but only himself. (Knowing himself) As for football training, his coaching philosophy is as following: He emphasize that his players to put in a lot efforts during training, (Knowing his goals) He has detailed a plan, in the beginning of the season, (Knowing his obstacles) He concentrated his football training on tactical idea, this is the backbone of his whole training process. Those tactical ideas includes how to do pressing, when to do pressing, transition, ball possession, positional play, (Knowing athletes ability) Only after tactical training is done, then he will do physical, psychological aspects for the players. (Knowing his athletes weakness) In the nutshell, Jose Mourinhos philosophy of football, he likes to put up a wining team, but not a playing nice football team. Opinions about the use of coaching philosophy to the students A coach is a role model and teacher for his students. He uses his set of principles as a reference to conduct his lesson for his students. With a good philosophy, the coach is able to know himself, know his opponents and know his players, and this helps him to create a realistic, satisfying coaching roadmap for his students. The students will be rewarded in the form of improved performance and even achieve their dreams. Now, Jose Mourinho is in Real Madrid, he using his philosophy to guide Real Madrid to win the next Champion League. Is the coachs philosophy that directs the coachs everyday life thinking and actions? No. As mentioned, many coaches will agree that they will put in more efforts like time and attention to those less skilled players, but in reality only the best players will be get the most playing time, most rewards and attention. However, if there are extra resources, like more than 1 coaches in the team and more than 1 training courts. The team can be splits into small groups like what Jose Mourinho does. The head coach himself will coach the better ones, and the other coaches can train the not so good ones. Coaching Styles Jose Mourinho is more an autocratic, regimented style of coach. He likes the direct involvement with the players, deploying his football methodology, practicing the exercises, and the development of football ideas. He deploys has his own respect agenda, if any of the players dont follow them, they will be asked to leave. Example, Adrian Mutu a Chelsea player, was sacked by him in 2004 when he was found taking cocaine. He likes his players to feel pressured, he made his players to be aware that there is competition in every position in the first eleven. Jose Mourinho has recently became the head coach of Real Madrid, and immediately he has built sleeping quarters to put in at the clubs Valdabebas training facilities, he wants his players to stay at the facility instead of going home after morning and afternoon training sessions. He expects a 100% turn up for both morning and afternoon training including the star players. He had removed the areas designated for player-fan interaction. Players will be expected to train only while at the training facility. He also has insisted that Pedro Leon and Sergio Canales, players purchased from Getafe and Racing Santander respectively, not to be loaned back to their old clubs. Does the coach possess more than a coaching style No, Jose Mourinho is detrimentally rigid. My opinions on his coaching styles. Jose Mourinho is my idol. He is a ruthless, fear-inducing, respect-commanding coach. Even though, he did not become a top player, but he studies football, sports science and methodology, and on reaching a 34 age, he decided to be coach, and to be involved in football. He picked up his football techniques from a very good football instructor in Scotland, Andy Rocburgh, but more importantly he followed and understudied from the 2 legend football coaches, Bobby Robson and Louis van Gaal back in Sporting Libson. Both as manager of FC Porto and Chelsea, Jose Mourinho love to uses 4-5-1 in his football tactics. His tactics is relying on strong defensive line-ups and an good holding midfielder, while the attack, he relied on a hard-working front man and a goal-scorer in midfield. As observed, he is definitely an autocratic coach. He does not like non senses from his players. He is very focus on his job, especially on wining, he works 12 hour a day and he expects his players also. He is self confidence that close to arrogance. He lack of respect to opponent also. The Roles of a Coach The primary role of Jose Mourinho just like any other football coach is to assist his football players in developing to their full potential. He is responsible for training players by analyzing their performance, provide correction in the relevant skills and by providing encouragement, if possible to guide players in their life also. Hence, the coach needs to wear many type of hats, he need to act as instructor, assessor, friend, mentor, facilitator, chauffeur, demonstrator, adviser, supporter, fact finder, motivator, counselor, organizer, planner and the Fountain of all Knowledge. Does the coach behaviour influence the students character? How can the coach help in students character development? Communication Skills techniques in coaching The reasons the coach needs to communicate to his player because he wants to give instruction, disseminate vital information, to tell his players not to make the same mistakes, to motivate the team spirit and to give feedback to his players. Generally, there are only 2 ways that a football coach can communicate to his players on the field, either using verbal or non verbal. In the case of Jose Mourinho, he is able to speak 17 languages and knows when to which language to tell his foreign players in his team what to do. Positive feedback is also needed during coaching sessions, everyone wants to be praised and be recognized, Joes Mourinho always do it by hugging, touching his players heads if they wins the match. During training, Jose Mourinho always split his players into groups based on condition, amount of playing time, so that he can give all players in their training groups same attention. Motivation Skills Jose Mourinho is a good motivator in team-motivated environment. He always emphasize that there is only 1 common goal in the team, it is to win many tropes (extrinsic: material reforcers). All players in the team must support each other until success is achieved (intrinsic), everyone care (intrinsic) for each other until success is achieved. For example, when the team wins a match, he will walk towards the pitch to congratulate all his players, by the act of hugging, touching their heads (extrinsic: social reinforcers). Jose Mourinho said that he likes players who love to win and he wants them to win not in 90 minutes but every day, training session and moment in their lives. Motivation strategies Jose Mourinho, the Special One brought in the togetherness and team spirit for the team under his charge. Below are some the strategies used by him: To develop a healthy environment by promoting humor and entertainment football sessions, e.g he used small-sided games to develop technical, tactical and fitness elements. To share the cup of tea with all team members. Jose Mourinho always seems moving from club to club, and undertakes new teams. When he tells the new team about his past wining trophies experiences of how to beat all obstacles and tough times to reach the final. This will motivate the new team like Real Madrid, and help build an even stronger team. To avoid any kind of disagreement and miscommunication as these can lead hamper the feeling of oneness. As reported, Jose Mourinho hates to speak about players individually, he only reports about team performance.

The Role of John Proctor in Arthur Millers The Crucible Essay

The Role of John Proctor in Arthur Miller's The Crucible Arthur Miller wrote the play 'The Crucible' to show the historical parallel between the Salem witch trials of 1692 and the McCarthy 'witch' hunt of the late 1940' and 50's. The character John Proctor seems to represent and show the viewpoint of a real man, unaffected by hysteria; a difficult thing to portray during the 1950's in the USA, due to the fear and hate of Communism and the 'witch' hunt for communists. John Proctor is the central character of the play. He a realistic character, the audience can relate to him and sympathize with him. He is a somewhat strong character and is described by Miller as "powerful of body, even-tempered and not easily led", the last comment perhaps being the most important. His character earns respect throughout the play as the audience sees the moral arguments he has and internal conflicts he has to deal with. John Proctor is a man with a guilty conscience, which makes him indecisive until it is too late, audiences can relate this to their own, maybe far less dramatic lives. John Proctor has made a mistake; he has slept with his former servant girl, teenage Abigail Williams. It is also shown in Act 1 that he still lusts after her - when she asks if he looked up at her window for her, he replies "I may have looked up", this shows his characters weakness, but he remains strong willed. He does not give into what he obviously thinks of as great temptation, again. This shows the audience that he has recognized his mistake and is not repeating it. John Proctor is an honest man, but has undermined himself with his one act of dishonesty. ... ... parallel, as he knew himself what height the communist hysteria had reached. Like the witch hysteria in Salem, he knew that he would be persecuted for writing about fear and conscience if he were to set the play in contemporary America. Miller uses John Proctor to almost play himself and to show what he would do if put in the position of being on trial. He later proved his point by not accusing any other people of being in communist parties when he really was put on trial, to get himself off the hook, like so many other people did. John Proctor plays the crucial role in 'The Crucible' of being the man that is on the brink of giving in but stands strong, even though he knew that one individual would not bring down the hysteria. Works Cited: Miller, Arthur. The Crucible: A Screenplay. New York: Penguin Books, 1996.

Intention to create legal relations Essay

Before looking at if the intention to create legal relations should be used to replace consideration, it is important to look at how these doctrines fit into the essential elements in a contract. Their use will then be discussed, together with the doctrine of promissory estoppel. In evaluating these principles reference will be made to case law, judicial comment and of leading contract academics work. Finally, thought will be given to the future of consideration, and if it is still necessary today, when so many other countries have adopted alternative approaches to ensuring that contracts are binding. In the formation of contracts two elements are vital. Firstly, the â€Å"offer,† an indication by one person prepared to contract with another, on certain terms, which are fixed, or capable of being fixed at the time the offer is made.[1] Secondly, there must be an â€Å"acceptance†, an unconditional assent to a definite offer.[2] These two combine to create certainty that a contract has been formed, for, as in Scammell v Ouston (1941),[3] â€Å"if an agreement is uncertain on some important issue†¦the courts will hold there is no contract.†[4] Following this, the elements of consideration and intent provide the contract’s â€Å"body and substance†[5] So, what is meant by â€Å"consideration† and â€Å"the intention to create legal relations†? English law usually requires proof that the parties have made a bargain, or agreement,[6] this is known as the benefit and detriment test. (Currie v Misa (1875))[7] or † a benefit to one party or a detriment to another.†[8] So, in practical terms consideration can be defined as what one party in an agreement is giving, or promising, in exchange for what is being given, or promised, by the other side. [9] This provides mutuality, making the contract enforceable. The Oxford Dictionary of Law definition states, â€Å"Consideration is essential to the validity of any contract other than one made by deed. Without consideration an agreement not made by deed is not binding; it is a nudum pactum (naked agreement) governed by the maxim ex nudo pacto non oritur action (a right of action does not arise out of a naked agreement.)†[10] English law does not rely on formali ties as a way of identifying intention to create a legally binding contract. Instead it focuses on offer, acceptance and consideration.[11] If these are present,  and unless rebutted by contrary evidence, courts operate on the basis of two legal presumptions, that there is no intention to be bound in domestic or social arrangements, but there is intention to be bound in commercial agreements.[12] Professor B.A.Hepple claims that there is no need of a separate requirement of intention, and that a bargain, involving mutuality is sufficient. These views are not generally accepted as it is widely agreed that identifying the parties’ intentions is essential to the role of the courts when establishing if a contract was made.[13] (mf†¦) It is useful to look at why English law has become so reliant on the consideration element of a contract, and why it has frequently been used as the â€Å"badge of enforceability,†[14] Professor Atiyah argues that â€Å"consideration† originally meant a â€Å"reason for enforcing an agreement.†[15] Early forms of contract law mainly involved agreements regarding debt, covenant, or detinue ie., wrongful detention of property, and were only binding if under seal. This method, which required a degree of form such as writing or a deed, was used to prevent fraud and proved that there was an intention to create legal relations. Consideration was first used in the sixteenth century when, in order to enforce informal agreements, the law of assumsit was developed.[16] So, while that the law would, â€Å"†¦still not enforce merely gratuitous promises, †¦ the law had to develop an element that could distinguish between a proper contractual agreement, and somethin g less that would not.†[17] Due to the Law of Property Miscellaneous Provisions Act 1989, form is still required for contracts involving the sale of land. It is also used to offer consumers protection in hire purchase and consumer credit agreements. In the English Common law system, a promise is not legally binding as part of a contract except if it is made in a deed or supported by some consideration. [18] Sir Guenter Treitel Q.C., describes the purpose of consideration as,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"†¦to put some legal limits on the enforceability of agreements even where they are intended to be legally binding and are not vitiated by some factor  such as mistake, misrepresentation, duress or illegality.†[19] This is a peculiarity found only in English law. In some civil law countries, promises that in England would not be considered binding due to â€Å"lack of consideration,† can be enforced if they have been made in some notarised writing. The European Civil Law systems were formed around the fifteenth century and based on the Roman Catholic Code of Canon law and the value of good faith. Due to this, their courts take the view that all lawful and sincere agreements are contracts.[20] As English law has developed there has been an insistence on the use of consideration and intention to create legal relations in order to enforce a contract. (Balfour v Balfour (1919))[21] Although it may not be easy to find consideration in a contract, (Ward v Byham (1956))[22] it could be asked why it is thought to be necessary at all. Originally, the basic idea of consideration was to show that A had bought B’s promise.[23] (Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co Ltd v Selfridge & Co Ltd (1915))[24] However, there was a general principle of non-interference in the concerns of other people. Therefore, the doctrine was not strictly enforced; it was enough to provide sufficiency of consideration it did not have to be adequate. This meant that, â€Å"the consideration provided by one party need not equal in value the consideration provided by the other party.†[25](Thomas v Thomas (1842))[26] Since this case it was assumed that consideration must have at least some economic value, and that it must be, â€Å"†¦something which has some value in the eye of the law.†[27] (mf†¦) The use of the word â€Å"sufficiency† also causes uncertainty. Courts have decided it must be real, not as in White v Bluett (1853)[28] where a son tried to use a promise to stop complaining over the distribution of his father’s property as consideration. Although, there was an economic element, as a father promised not to enforce the repayment of a debt owed to him by his son, it was held that, â€Å"The son had no right to complain, for the father might make what  distribution of his property as he liked; and the son’s abstaining from what he had no right to do can be no consideration.†[29] In this case the court took the view that this type of moral obligation could not be used as any form of value, in other cases the courts appear to almost invent consideration so contracts can be enforced.[30] As in Ward v Byham (1956) where â€Å"happiness† was used. In Chappell & Co v Nestle Co Ltd., (1960),[31] the House of Lords held that chocolate wrappers needed to buy records in a special promotion were part of the consideration. The wrappers had no monetary value, for upon receipt Nestle’s would simply discard them.[32] Therefore, even something valueless could be used as consideration. From this it can be seen that consideration does not guarantee fairness of bargains. Indeed it could be argued that, as this would not fit the benefit and detriment test, this type of â€Å"nominal bargain†[33] should not be allowed. This is the most problematic area of the rules surrounding consideration. To start with, the fact that consideration need not be adequate, just sufficient, means it does not need to be of equal value to that which the other party is offering. This could lead to injustice. There could be some perfectly good reason why A sells his Mercedes to B for a token amount, but what if he is under duress, perhaps being blackmailed by B.[34] Similarly, it is quite fair that, as in Stilk v Myrick (1809)[35] performance of an existing contractual duty was held to be insufficient consideration. An employee should not be allowed to hold his employer to ransom in this way, unless it is proven that the situation changed significantly, and he has undertaken a considerable extra workload after the promise of extra pay. (Hartley v Ponsonby (1857))[36] So why do the courts permit the token element in bargains at all? It has been said that, â€Å"consideration was originally the reason for the enforcement of a promise.†[37] Therefore, even token bargains have a purpose by providing evidence that the parties take the agreement seriously, and show an intention to create legal relations. The doctrine of consideration was also used was where alteration promises were made regarding the part payment of debts. The general rule as established in Pinnel’s’ case (1602)[38] was that â€Å"the gift of a horse, hawk or robe, etc in satisfaction is good.† [39] The assumption being that providing something in consideration might be more beneficial to the plaintiff than waiting for the money.[40] This rule was confirmed in the House of Lords in Foakes v Beer (1884)[41]. This â€Å"practical benefit† was also the principle in Williams v Roffey Brothers (1990)[42] where it was advantageous to pay more for the same work. However, the rule in Pinnel’s Case can be avoided by providing â€Å"extra consideration, altering the way payment is made, by paying earlier, at a different time or place or via third party.†[43] Possibly due to this, the Law revision Committee 1937 recommended the abolition of the rule in Pinnel’s Case, but so far t hat has not happened.[44] Lord Denning tried a different approach with his use of the equitable principle of promissory estoppel. In his obiter statement in Central London Property Trust v High Trees House (1947),[45] he stated that, † a promise intended to be binding, intended to be acted upon, and in fact acted on, is binding so far as its terms properly apply.[46] Due to this it was held that a promise could be enforced without consideration if it would be wrong for that person to go back on a promise and there has been a reliance on it.[47] He based his views on Lord Cairns’ comments in the earlier â€Å"equitable waiver† case of Hughes vMetropolitan Railway (1877)[48] It has been suggested that the promisee must have suffered a detriment from reliance on a promise. Lord Denning denied that this was necessary, claiming that someone just needed to have â€Å"acted on the belief induced by the other party.† (W J Alan & Co v El Nasr (1972))[49]. Other limitations exist, promissory estoppel only applies to the modification or discharge of an existing contractual obligation, [50] therefore â€Å"equity is a shield not a sword,† it will not allow someone to use equity to instigate a cause of  action.[51] (Coombe v Coombe (1951)[52] The promise not to enforce rights must be clear and unequivocal, in The Scaptrade (1983)[53] it was held that the fact that they hadn’t enforced their full rights in the past was not sufficient. It must be inequitable for the promisor to go back on his promise, in D & C Builders v Rees (1966)[54], Mrs Rees had forced the builders to accept her cheque by inequitable means and so could not rely on promissory estoppel,[55] for â€Å"he who comes to equity must do so with clean hands.† [56] This doctrine is also contrary to the House of Lords decisions in Jorden v Money ( 1854)[57] and Foakes v Beer (1884) As can be seen from these cases, unlike in the past when a gentleman’s word was his bond, people can no longer be relied upon to keep gratuitous promises, however seriously meant. They are also likely to use litigation if they later wish to go back on them. Treitel points out that, † the doctrine of consideration has attracted much criticism, â€Å"[58] as even the most flimsy evidence is given as consideration, so its use has become somewhat dubious. â€Å"The doctrine is an historical accident; that foreign systems do without.† [59]To overcome these problems, Parliament could extend the scope of existing legislation by using form to prove the intention to create legal relations in more situations than now. That would mean that although not needed for basic everyday events like shopping, or private domestic arrangements; eg., babysitting, all other contracts of a financial or contractual nature would have to have written agreements. As Treitel says, † English law does recognise, in the deed, a perfectly safe and relatively simple means of making gratuitous promises binding.† [60]These would be subject to the usual rules applying to the Sale and Supply of Goods Act 1994, the Consumer Protection Act 1987, the Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982, etc., In the event of a dispute regarding a contract with no written agreement, the courts could consider it to be void, as there was no proof of an intention to create legal relations and therefore the contract has no legal effect. Any money paid out under such a contract would be recoverable and any work that has been done maybe compensated on a quantum meruit basis.[61] Care would also have to be taken to ensure the rights of third parties are protected.[62] The use of form as proof of the intention to create legal relations would provide a â€Å"useful safeguard against rash  promises.†[63] Although, â€Å"this does not solve the problem of action in reliance on an informal promise†¦ the court maybe able to give some effect to the promise under the doctrine of waiver or in equity.†[64]

Cultural Competency Essay

Cultural competency is defined a set of personal and academic skills required for increasing understanding and appreciation of cultural differences. Actually, becoming culturally competent is a developmental process taking lots of time. Cultural competence helps to shape behavioral patents as well as it affects health care delivery. Culturally competent pharmaceutical providers should appreciate family ties and realize that family and behavioral values are determined by peculiarities of culture. Apparently, cultural competence relates to pharmacy, because it suggests pharmaceutical provider-customer relations meaning that health care providers should find individual approach to every patient requiring treatment. The goals of cultural competence are to increase cultural awareness, cultural knowledge, cultural skills and cultural encounters. Cultural differences should be appreciated and accepted and, therefore, it is necessary to seek out new world views of diseases and medicines. Cultural knowledge helps pharmacy to promote better understanding between cultural groups. Cultural competence promotes assessing patient without relying only on written facts. It means that there is a need to find another perspective, to reduce resistance and defensiveness and to acknowledge interactive mistakes. Pharmacy suggests meeting and working directly with people of different cultures and, thus, developing cultural competency helps to dispel stereotypes and to contradict academic knowledge. Pharmacy requires gathering cultural knowledge which is often neglected. Cultural competency welcomes cooperation and collaboration instead of insulting other culture’s perspectives. For example, physicians belong to cultural group possessing their own beliefs, customs, practices and rituals. This includes definitions of illness and health, systematic approaches, compliance, prevention through annual exams, the superiority of technology, etc. Therefore, cultural competency plays crucial role in medicine. Works Cited Spector, R. Cultural Diversity in Health and Illness. Stamford, CT: Appleton & Lange, 1996.